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Izumo-class cruiser
The were a pair of armored cruisers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the late 1890s. As Japan lacked the industrial capacity to build such warships herself, the vessels were built in Britain. They were part of the "Six-Six Fleet" expansion program that began after the defeat of China during the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95. The sister ships participated in three of the four main naval battles of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05—the Battle of Port Arthur, the Battle off Ulsan and the Battle of Tsushima—but played a much more minor role in World War I.
''Iwate'' was first used as a training ship in 1916 and remained in that role for most of the rest of her career. Her sister, ''Izumo'', was mostly used for training during the 1920s, but became flagship of the IJN forces in China in 1932. She was involved in the Shanghai Incident that year and in the Second Sino-Japanese War that began five years later. The ship was used in the early stages of the Philippines Campaign during the Pacific War until she struck a mine at the end of 1941. ''Izumo'' joined her sister as a training ship in home waters in 1943. Both ships were sunk in a series of American air attacks on the naval base at Kure in July 1945. Their wrecks were refloated after the war and scrapped.
==Background and design==
Japan initiated the 1896 Naval Expansion Plan after the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95. The plan included four armored cruisers and four battleships, all of which had to be ordered from foreign shipyards as Japan lacked the capability to build them itself. Further consideration of the Russian building program caused the IJN to believe that the battleships ordered under the original plan would not be sufficient to counter the Imperial Russian Navy. Budgetary limitations prevented ordering more battleships and the IJN decided to expand the number of more affordable armored cruisers to be ordered from four to six ships. The revised plan is commonly known as the "Six-Six Fleet".〔Evans & Peattie, pp. 57–62〕 These ships were purchased using the £30,000,000 indemnity paid by China after losing the First Sino-Japanese War.〔Brook 1999, p. 125〕 Unlike most of their contemporaries, which were designed for commerce raiding or to defend colonies and trade routes, the ''Izumo'' class was intended as fleet scouts and to be employed in the battleline.〔Milanovich, p. 72〕
Construction of the ''Izumo''-class ships was awarded to the British shipbuilder Armstrong Whitworth of Elswick, the same shipyard that had built the earlier two armored cruisers of the "Six-Six Fleet".〔Brook 1999, pp. 112–13〕 They were also designed by Sir Philip Watts, who took advantage of rapidly advancing boiler technology to substitute lighter Belleville boilers in lieu of the cylindrical boilers of the earlier ships and used the weight saved to increased the thickness of the protective deck and improve the hull structure. The increased number of boilers required an extra funnel, which became the primary means of distinguishing between the two classes.〔Milanovich, pp. 74–76〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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